长毛对虾血细胞与血淋巴液的生化特性初步研究

长毛对虾(Fenneropenaeus penicillatus)是我国东南沿海一带一种主要的水产经济动物.为了解其血淋巴液的基本特性,借助显微观察、生化实验等方法对长毛对虾的血细胞和血浆的细胞化学特征进行了初步研究.结果表明,长毛对虾血细胞密度为(0.43±0.11)×107个/ml;可明显分无颗粒细胞:长径(9.7±1.4)μm、短径(5.8±0.8)μm,占细胞总数的16.2%±1.8%;大颗粒细胞:长径(11.3±1.3)μm、短径(6.7±1.7)μm,占细胞总数的46.6%±3.2%;小颗粒细胞:长径(7.1±0.4)μm、短径(5.4±0.4)μm,占细胞总数的35.7%±4.5%.在16～18℃下,60 min的反应时间内,血细胞对金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcusaureus)菌体细胞悬液(106～107个/ml)的吞噬率为67%±5%.长毛对虾血浆蛋白浓度为11.78 mg/ml,对3%的鸡血红细胞悬液的溶血相对活性为2.6,对5%的鸡血红细胞悬液的凝集效价为15～18.血浆平板抑菌实验表明,长毛对虾血浆对金黄色葡萄球菌有明显的抗菌效果,抑菌圈大小为(10±1)mm,对大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)的抑菌圈大小为(6±2)mm.本工作为长毛对虾血浆中诸多活性多肽的后续研究奠定了基础.     

Carbonic anhydrase in Ranunculus penicillatus spp. pseudofluitans: activity, location and implications for carbon assimilation

Levels of carbonic anhydrase activity were determined on a total (60 E_Umg^?1 protein), external (7.36 E_U), internal (50.14 E_U) and protoplast (15.63 E_U) basis for Ranunculus penicillatus (Dumort.) Bab ssp. pseudofluitans (Syme) S. Webster, a freshwater aquatic macrophyte, by conventional electrometric methods. The site of activity of ‘external’ carbonic anhydrase (CA) has been visualized using 5-Dimethylaminonapthalene-1- sulphonamide (DNSA)-CA fluorescent complex formation, and is postulated to be closely associated with the epidermal cell wall. The photosynthetic rate of R. penicillatus ssp. pseudofluitans at pH 9.0 is in excess of the uncatalysed rate of production of CO₂ from HCO^?₃, and this plant is therefore using HCO^?₃ for photosynthesis. The possible contribution of CA activity to inorganic carbon assimilation, and specifically to transport of HCO^?₃, in submerged aquatic plants is discussed.     

Effects of mute swan grazing on a keystone macrophyte

1. This study describes the early summer foraging behaviour of mute swans (Cygnus olor) on the River Frome, a highly productive chalk stream in southern England in which Ranunculus penicillatus pseudofluitans is the dominant macrophyte. 2. A daily maximum of 41 ± 2.5 swans were present along the 1.1 km study reach during the study period (late May to the end of June). The river was the primary feeding habitat. Feeding activity on the river at dawn and dusk was much lower than during daylight, but we cannot rule out the possibility that swans fed during the hours of darkness. 3. The effects of herbivory on R. pseudofluitans biomass and morphology were quantified. Biomass was lower in grazed areas and swans grazed selectively on leaves in preference to stems. A lower proportion of stems from grazed areas possessed intact stem apices and flowering of the plant was reduced in grazed areas. 4. A model, based on the swans’ daily consumption, was used to predict the grazing pressure of swans on R. pseudofluitans. The model accurately predicted the number of bird days supported by the study site, only if grazing was assumed to severely reduce R. pseudofluitans growth. The proportion of the initial R. pseudofluitans biomass consumed by a fixed number of swans was predicted to be greater when the habitat area was smaller, initial R. pseudofluitans biomass was lower and R. pseudofluitans was of lower food value. 5. We concluded that the flux of N and P through the study reach was largely unaffected by swan activity. The quality of R. pseudofluitans mesohabitat (the plant as habitat for invertebrates and fish) was significantly reduced by grazing which also indirectly contributed to reduced roughness (Manning's n) and by inference water depth. Wetted habitat area for fish and invertebrates would also be lowered over the summer period as a consequence of the reduction in water depth. It was estimated that, while grazing, an individual swan may eat the same mass of invertebrates per day as a 300‐g trout. 6. There is a need to manage the conflict between mute swans and the keystone macrophyte, R. pseudofluitans, in chalk streams, and the modelling approach used here offers a potentially useful tool for this purpose.     

长毛对虾卵子皮层反应的研究

Morphology of the cortical reaction in the eggs of Penaeus penicillatus was studied with the light microscopy,scanning electron microscopy　and transmission electron microscopy. The cortical reaction is divided into four stages. These stages are unreacted stages, early stages, corona stages and dissipation stage. The cortical rods were released and formed a jelly coating around the surface of the egg. The jelly coating remained until the first cleavage had finished. In the end, the hatching membrane appeared around the egg. It is believed that these cortical reaction are responsible for the prevention of polyspermy by both a chemical and physical block and that also may establish a microenvironment inside a touch chorionic membrane for the developing embryo.     

长毛对虾精子发生的研究：Ⅰ.精子的形态结构

利用电子显微镜技术结合细胞化学染色方法,研究长毛对虾精子形态结构,结果显示:长毛对虾精子由圆球状球体部和钉子状棘突部组成;精子全长约7μm;棘突及与之相联的球体表面平滑无突起,而与棘突相对的球体底面有指状突起。透射和冷冻蚀刻电镜显示:长毛对虾精子棘突包括顶体锥和顶体帽两部分;顶体锥向外突出形成精子的棘突,顶体帽覆盖在球体部的胞质及核区上方。成熟精子胞质极度退化,仅靠顶体帽边缘可见1—2个线粒体。球体的中央区域为近球形,呈Feul-gen阳性反应,为精子的核区。其结构松散,电子密度低,属非浓缩型,内布许多絮状物质,外由许多长短不一的膜性结构不规则排列成不连续的核膜结构。研究结果认为:长毛对虾精子属不动无鞭毛精子类型,其棘突部并非鞭毛结构而是顶体的位置。     

Environmental relationships of the brush-tailed rabbit-rat, Conilurus penicillatus, and other small mammals on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia

Aim To describe the habitat characteristics and status of the brush‐tailed rabbit‐rat, Conilurus penicillatus Gould, 1842, on the Tiwi Islands, northern Australia, as part of a broader programme aimed at the conservation management of this species. In addition, comparable environmental modelling is undertaken for other co‐occurring small native mammals, including the black‐footed tree‐rat, Mesembriomys gouldii Gray, 1843, a taxonomically and ecologically related species. These objectives relate to the significance for mammal conservation of islands generally in Australia, and the recent intensification of plantation forestry on these previously little‐disturbed islands. Location Melville and Bathurst islands (Tiwi Islands), respectively, Australia's second and fifth largest islands. Methods A systematic survey was conducted for mammals across Bathurst (115 sampled quadrats) and Melville Island (236 quadrats). A broad range of environmental variables was recorded for every quadrat. All quadrats were classified by their woody plant species composition. The relative occurrence of individual mammal species across the resulting vegetation groups was examined using Kruskal–Wallis anova . The habitat relationships of C. penicillatus and the most commonly recorded mammal species were described by generalized linear modelling, with separate models for each island, for both islands combined, for all habitats and for only those sites dominated by eucalypts. Results Twelve small mammal species (excluding bats, macropods and feral animals) were recorded in this study. The most notable feature of this survey was the lack of records of M. gouldii from Bathurst Island. In contrast, the proportion of quadrats with C. penicillatus was not significantly different between the two islands. There was no significant tendency for these two species to co‐occur in quadrats on Melville Island more or less commonly than by chance. Conilurus penicillatus was most abundant in eucalypt forest while M. gouldii showed a weak association with eucalypt forests and woodlands and shrub land. The five most commonly recorded species showed highly idiosyncratic relationships with environmental variables, with this relationship showing some variation between the two islands. None showed any significant association with floristic variation within the extensive eucalypt forests, but most showed significant associations with tree height, basal area (especially of large trees), landscape position (distance to watercourse) and fire history. Main conclusions Conilurus penicillatus was most likely to occur in tall eucalypt forest away from watercourses. This habitat is now being targeted for clearance for the development of plantations of the exotic Acacia mangium. Seven of the 12 mammal species examined in this study (C. penicillatus, M. gouldii, Rattus tunneyi Thomas, 1904, Melomys burtoni Ramsay, 1887, Sminthopsis butleri Archer, 1979, Phascogale tapoatafa Meyer, 1793 and Petaurus breviceps Gould, 1842) were not recorded at all in plantations, and these (and other) species are likely to be severely disadvantaged by plantation development. The study also demonstrated that the two medium to large arboreal rodent species (C. penicillatus and M. gouldii) vary in environmental associations and found no evidence that C. penicillatus increased in areas unoccupied by M. gouldii.     

Towards meaningful monitoring: A case study of a threatened rodent

Detecting trends in species’ distribution and abundance are essential for conserving threatened species, and depend upon effective monitoring programmes. Despite this, monitoring programmes are often designed without explicit consideration of their ability to deliver the information required by managers, such as their power to detect population changes. Here, we demonstrate the use of existing data to support the design of monitoring programmes aimed at detecting declines in species occupancy. We used single‐season occupancy models and baseline data to gain information on variables affecting the occupancy and detectability of the threatened brush‐tailed rabbit‐rat Conilurus penicillatus (Gould 1842) on the Tiwi Islands, Australia. This information was then used to estimate the survey effort required to achieve sufficient power to detect changes in occupancy of different magnitudes. We found that occupancy varied spatially, driven primarily by habitat (canopy height and cover, distance to water) and fire history across the landscape. Detectability varied strongly among seasons, and was three times higher in the late dry season (July–September), compared to the early dry season (April–June). Evaluation of three monitoring scenarios showed that conducting surveys at times when detectability is highest can lead to a substantial improvement in our ability to detect declines, thus reducing the survey effort and costs. Our study highlights the need for careful consideration of survey design related to the ecology of a species, as it can lead to substantial cost savings and improved insight into species population change via monitoring.     

中国水云科Ectocarpaceae新记录Ⅱ

继续报道中国水云科新记录7种。毛果水云Ectocarpus dasycarpus,束生水云E. fasciculatus,小水云E. parvus,笔头水云E. penicillatus,群居水云E. socialis,丝状费氏藻Feldmannia filifera,壳状扭线Streblonema evagatnm。